Cross-sectional clinometer



J. H. ARTHUR. I CROSS -SECTIQNAL CLINOMETER. APPLICATION -F IL| ED JAN-27, I919.

1,393,419, Patented 001; M, 1921.

ARTHUR JOHN HENRY ARTHUR, or ADELAIDE, soU'ri-r AUSTRAL A, AUSTRALIA;

. CBDSSSECTIONAL armor/rerun.

inseam.

T all whom it may concern Be it known that I, ARTHUR JOHNI-IENRY ARTHUR,a citizen of the UOlllIl'lOIlWQElltll of I Australia, residing atAdelaide, in the State of South Australia, have invented a new anduseful Cross-Sectional Glinometer, of

e provide a graduated implement wherein the various partsare so arrangedas to enable field work to be accurately set out with greater ease thanis at present thecase.

My invention is more particularly designed foruse in connection withrailway and road work and when applied as herein after explained willenable pegs to be inserted either for cuttings or embankments with greatspeed and accuracy.

In order to achieve the object of my invention, I construct averticalpillow which acts as a foundation for the instrument and uponwhich I mount a vertical slide block above which there is a horizontalsliding bed for supporting a batter rod. I also provide a telescopemounted upon an axis and designed to operate in conjunction with agraduated quadrant, the end of the telescope being fitted with agraduated extension, and a level and reflectors being insertedin thestructure to enable the bubble of the level to be easily seen. Theseseveral parts are adjusted and clamped and enable the necessarypositions of the pegs for a cutting or a filling to be easilyascertained. In order that my invention may be more clearly understood,I will now proceed to describe the same by aid of the accompanyingillustrative drawings wherein,

Figure 1 is a front elevation of the instrument.

Fig. 2 is a rear View of same. Fig. 3 shows interlocking members forfoundation block.

Figs. 4: and 5 illustrate method of mounting the level. i

Fig. 6 1s a diagram to illustrate the method of plotting a crosssection.

Fig. 7 is another diagram illustrating the operation of the device forobtaining the cubic contents of a cut or. fill.

In each of the illustrations similar letters.

of reference are used to denote similar or corresponding parts whereverthey occur.

In the drawings, a is a vertical pillar the bottom portion of which isslotted or Specification of Letters Patent. Patented (M311 11, 1921,

Application filed. January 27, 1919. Serial N0. 273,414.

I rant j, the graduations of the quadrant being from zero degrees tozenith and from zero degrees to nadir, the straight edges being formedat an angle of forty five degrees from the axis point f when thetelescope is set as a true horizon thus representing the limits of aquadrant of ninety degrees, and to enable the telescope to be so set, Iprovide therein a level 72, and in order that the level may be easilywatched I provide mirrors or reflectors at Z, mounted on the innersideof the left hand side of the casing and set at suitable angles asillustrated.

The level which is mounted on the vertical cylinder is inside thesighting tube and its bubble can be viewed without the aid ofthe'mirrors when the tube is at an inclina t1on of a few degrees eitherside of zero and simultaneously with a staff in the field.

The sight or aperture of the telescope issituated at m, and on theopposite end, the instrument extends rearwardly with a graduatedextension rod n, the graduated edge of which is in alinement with theaxis 7, the center point of which is zero. At right angles to thevertical pillar and beneath the telescope, but also extending behind thetelescope, I arrange a projecting plate which constitutes a horizontalsliding bed or rest 0 capable of lateral adjustment upon the sired angleit can be, clamped on to the aforesaid quadrant, -An extension 25 on thehorizontal bed. is also graduated, the zero line for the graduations ofthe extension beingin alinement with the. vertical center line of thepillar. The divisions of all the graduations are equally spaced and aredivided oil to a fineness sutticient to enable them to be read with thenaked eye. The space between the zero of the rod or extension of thehorizontal bed and a vertical alinement or vertical plane of the axis ofthe ed is equivalent to one-half of the width of the road in the case ofthe cutting of an embankment.

The operation of my invention is as follows: The levels of the line ofroad or railay having been set out with center pegs, the vertical pillaris set up above the center line of the track'either resting'upon thegroundor. upon a portable staff of known height to which it may beclamped if so de sired or the operator may hold the instru ment in hishand. The vertical slide block 0 is elevated or depressed to anyconvenient position and the height is read on the vertical graduatedscale.

One of the functions of the instrument is i .to. ascertain within a fewminutes the exact 'servations from over or between angle otsurface slopeis ascertained.

position of the top of the batters of cuttings or the toes of fillingsbefore earthworks are proceeded with. thus doing away with a lotof-contour drafting.

According to the nature of the soil the batter of an earthwork mayrequire a slope of any ratio between two to one and onefourth to one andthe operator sets the bat-' ter rod to the slope which in his judgmentand experience he considers most suitable.

The batter rod is now clamped to the batter quadrant at an anglecorresponding to the required slope according to the nature of the soil.The slide or block- 0 is next adjusted vertically from zero to the valuein depth of earthwork, corresponding to the center level peg. Thesightis next taken through the telescope to a mark corresponding in heightfrom the ground to the height of the axis pin f: hen this has been donethejoperator read-s off the graduation on the telescope extension at thepoint where 7 it intersects the graduated batter rod which gives thedistance for that angle. The field peg'isjtheninserted at theposition solocated, .and at the same time the length of batter maybe read off andrecorded in the field book. as well as the length recorded on theextension rod.

The sight may be taken from any point on the formationprovided thedistance from the pointto the edge of the formation is adjusted on thesliding bed. It is, however, usual in railway and road work to takeobpegs placed on thecenter line. The staff (not a graduated one) asdescribed is held at nearly the distance required and by its aid thetrue Then the distance from that angle is read off the graduatedtelescope extension and measured off provided theground slope remainsthe same at the new distance. In fact the actual ground measurementsmust be the same as those found in the instrument.

These operations are completed in aboutas many seconds of time as ittakes minutes by the present method of dummy level and theodolite andpopwith stall and tedious calculations are avoided and the chances oferror are in consequence reduced to a minimum. The device saves animmense amount of drawing material and labor for. having accurate valuesof cross-sections, the cubic contents may be arrived at almostimmediately by adding two consecutive sections, multiplying by thedistance between them and halving the result.

Referring to Fig. '7, if the surface is a bit irregular by keeping thetelescope clamped at the slope p p the depth or height of a? can bemeasured and the distance from p and then the contents calculated on thespot may be applied to the contents of the regular quadrilaterals or Fora filling when the angle of surface slope has been ascertained, the sameangle is set on the opposite side of the zero, that is the angle ofdeclivity becomes one of acclivity and vice versa before the length ofslope required may be read off. The instrument may be turned upside downas the level claimed is shaped to allow of the bubble coming to zero inboth positions. An embankment may be likened to a cutting upside down.Instead of reversing either the instrument or the earthwork. reverse theangle and the same object is attained.

If the cross sections are to be plotted the verti al readings shouldalso be recorded in the field book for which purpose it is onlynecessary that the telescope extension be placed at right angles to thebatter rod to obtain the readings.

Referring now to the graduations on the extension of the horizontal bed.it will be observed that the zero point or graduation does notcorrespond vertically with the axis f. The space between the zero of therod and the vertical alineinent with the axis is equivalent. to one halfof the width of the road in the case of a cutting or an embankment.

In the illustration I have allowed for a standard road of six feet inwidth, but for wider roads the extension must be adjusted by lateralmovement to suit the extra width.

Referring now to Fig. 6 of the drawings I have illustrated by diagramthe relative functions of the working parts of my instrument. In thediagram the line a corresponds to the telescope extension and represents the natural surface of the earth and the line (4 corresponds tothe vertical pillar. The distance from the sliding horizontal 0 to theaxis 7' represents the value of the center line level peg. The graduatedbatter rod Q is set according topractice as previously described. Thehorizontal distance from the intersection of the vertical line to theaxis of the batter rod represents half the width of the formation leveland the dotted line n represents the telescope extension when placed atright angles to the batter rod.

The formula for calculation of areas for plotting sections may be statedas follows Multiply half formation width by depth given (on verticalpillar, 2'. a, from f to 0) and add the result to the length of battermultiplied by the perpendicular of the tele scope extension (from axisto intersection of batter rod) and divide by two. This operation beingrepeated on the other side of the center peg and the totals addedtogether will give the contents of the whole crosssectlon.

The instrument which I have described in the specification is designedfor practical field work. For draftmanship a substantially similar toolis constructed but without the level as the level wouldbe represented inthe plan by a horizontal line thus rendering the telescope portionunnecessary. Such a tool'would be suitable for drafting and calculatingthe slopes and areas of the various cross sections.

I claim:

1. A cross-sectional clinometer including a vertical pillar havinggraduations, a member pivoted to the pillar and having a graduatedextension projecting from the pillar, a vertically adjustable slidemounted on the pillar and cooperating with the graduations thereof and ahorizontally adjustable member carried by the slide and provided with agraduated extension and a batter'rod adjustably mounted on the saidhorizontally adjustable member.

2. A cross-sectional clinometer including a vertical pillar havinggraduations, a member pivoted to the pillar and having a gradu atedextension projecting from the pillar, a vertically adjustable slidemounted on the pillar and cooperating with the graduations thereof and ahorizontally adjustable member carried by the slide and provided with agraduated extension and a batter rod pivoted to and carried by thehorizontally adjustable member, a graduated quadrant arranged toindicate the pivotal adjustment of the batter rod and means for securingthe batter rod in its adjustment.

3. A cross-sectional clinometer including a vertical pillar, a telescopepivotally mounted on the pillar and provided with a longitudinallydisposed graduated extension, a slide vertically adjustable on the saidpillar, a horizontally adjustable bed carried by the slide and providedwith a graduated extension and a batter rod pivotally mounted on andcarried by the said bed.

i. A cross-sectional clinometer including a vertical pillar providedwith a slot and having graduations, a level mounted on the pillar, atelescope pivotally connected to the pillar and having a graduatedextension, a vertically adjustable slide mounted on the pillar andhaving clamping means operating in the said slot, a horizontallyadjustable bed slidably interlocked with the said vertical slot, andprovided with a graduated extension and abatter rod pivotally mounted onthe said bed. i

5. A cross-sectional clinometer including a vertical pillar, a levelmounted on the pillar, a telescope having a graduated extension, a slidevertically adjustable on the pillar, a horizontally slidable bed mountedon and carried by the said slide and provided with a graduatedextension, a batter rod pivotally mounted. on the said bed and graduatedquadrants mounted respectively on the pillar and on the bed andassociated with the telescope and the batter rod to indicate adjustmentsof the same.

ARTHUR JOHN HENRY ARTHUR.

\Vitnesscs a E. J. CAToI-ILovn, lV. E LEISHMAN.

